List of Illustrations
Preface, J. B. Harley and David Woodward
PART ONE Islamic Cartography
Chapter 1: Introduction to Islamic Maps, Ahmet T. Karamustafa
Map and Text
Conditions of Map Production
Theory and Practice
Terms
Historiography
Planispheric Astrolabes as Celestial Maps
Early History of the Astrolabe
Variants of Planispheric Astrolabes
Extended Use of Astrolabic Mapping
Al-Biruni on Celestial Mapping
Additional Planar Mapping
Three-Dimensional Celestial Mapping
Spherical Astrolabes
Celestial Globes
The Manufacture of Celestial Globes
Armillary Spheres
Mapping of Individual Constellations and Asterisms
The Pre-Islamic Astronomic System
Lunar Mansions
Islamic Constellation Iconography
Islamic Asterism Mapping and Its Influence in Europe
Personifying and Allegorical Interpretations of Celestial Bodies
The Introduction of Early Modern European Celestial Mapping
Cosmology in Islam
General Characteristics of Cosmographical Maps and Diagrams
Exoteric Realism: Philosophical and Scientific Diagrams
Celestial Diagrams
Geographical Diagrams
Esoteric Speculation: Gnostic and Mystical Diagrams
Gnostic Diagrams
Mystical Diagrams
Religious Cosmography
Chapter 4: The Beginnings of a Cartographic Tradition, Gerald R. Tibbetts
Early Geographical Literature
Foreign Geographical Influence
The Map of the Caliph al-Ma'mun
Geographical Tables
Longitude and Latitude Tables: Al-Khwarazmi, al-Battani, and Ptolemy
Al-Khwarazmi's Methods and Purpose
The Length of the Mediterranean
The Seven Climates and Their Boundaries
Prime Meridians
Suhrab's Construction of a Map
The Maps from the al-Khwarazmi Manuscript
Conclusion
The Maps of the Balkhi School
Description of the Maps
Selection of Material
The Treatment of the Persian Provinces
The Arabic-Speaking Provinces
The World Map
Al-Muqaddasi's Maps
Miscellaneous Manuscripts Belonging to the Balkhi School
Conclusion
The Hudud al-'alam
Later Tables and al-Biruni
Later Geographical Writers
Thirteenth-Century and Later World Maps
Climatic Maps and Their Variants
First Use of a Graticule
Other Maps
Conclusion
The Nuzhat al-mushtaq fi'khtiraq al-afaq
Publications and Translations
Al-Idrisi's Instructions for Making a World Map
Writing the Nuzhat al-mushtaq
Maps in the Nuzhat al-mushtaq
The Rawd al-faraj wa-nuzhat al-muhaj
The Sources for al-Idrisi's Nuzhat al-mushtaq
The Influence of al-Idrisi's Work on Later Authors
Arabic Metrology
Measurements of the Length of a Degree
Al-Biruni's Measurement of the Radius of the Earth
Determining the Longitude of Ghazna
Qibla Charts Centered on the Ka'ba
Qibla Maps Based on Coordinates
Methods of Qibla Determination with Spheres and Astrolabes
Chapter 10: Introduction to Ottoman Cartography, Ahmet T. Karamustafa
Terminology
Problems in the Study of Ottoman Cartography
Origins
Military Maps
Architectural Plans and Waterway Maps
Cartography as Private Enterprise
World Maps
Regional Maps
Early Examples of Topographical Illustration in Ottoman Texts
Topographical Illustration in the Mecmu'a-i menazil
Topographical Illustration in Later Ottoman Histories
Chapter 13: The Role of Charts in Islamic Navigation in the Indian Ocean, Gerald R. Tibbetts
Chapter 14: Islamic Charting in the Mediterranean, Svat Soucek
Arab Portolan Charts
Piri Re'is
Charts of the New World
Kitab-i bahriye
Ottoman Portolan Charts and Atlases
The al-Sharafi al-Sifaqsi Family
Chapter 15: Introduction to South Asian Cartography, Joseph E. Schwartzberg
Published Writings
Repositories for Indian Cartography
The Nature of the Indian Corpus as Revealed by Textual Sources and the Archaeological Record
Types of Materials Produced
Prehistoric and Tribal Maps
Achievements of the Harappan Culture
Vedic Altars
Ancient Knowledge of Geography
Evidence of Ancient Cosmographies
Indian Astronomy
Surveying in the Mauryan Empire
Architectural Plans from Ancient and Medieval India
Maps Noted in Secular Texts
Pata-chitras
Fruits of Hindu-Muslim Interaction
European Accounts of Indian Mapping
Reasons for the Relative Paucity of South Asian Maps
Cosmographies in the Hindu Tradition
Paintings and Ink Drawings Not Primarily Astronomical in Content
Cosmographic Globes
Celestial Mapping
Cosmographies: The Jain Tradition
Indo-Islamic Cosmography
Microcosmic Analogues of the Cosmos
Cosmography and Mental Maps
Topographic Maps
Mughal Maps
Late Premodern Maps from Various Regions
Kashmir
Rajasthan and Gujarat
Braj
Central India
Maharashtra and other areas of Maratha activity
Sri Lanka
Northeastern India
Hybrid Maps and the Gentil Atlas
Late Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Nepali Maps
Route Maps
Large-Scale Maps, Plans, and Maplike Oblique Views of Small Localities
Maps of Small, Primarily Rural Localities
Secular Plans of Cities and Towns
Oblique Secular Representations of Cities and Towns
Maps of Sacred Places
Maps of Forts
Architectural Drawings
Chapter 19: Conclusion, Joseph E. Schwartzberg
Chapter 20: Concluding Remarks, J. B. Harley and David Woodward
Cartography and Society
Future Agendas
Bibliographical Index
General Index, Ellen D. Goldlust, Scholars Editorial Services
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Last Updated: 7 September 1998.