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Geography 331: Climatic Environments of the Past
Course
Description
“Climate is what we expect, weather is
what we get.” – Mark Twain
During Mark Twain’s time, people knew that climates varied across the earth, but believed that the global climate system itself was stable. Now we know that climate in fact varies on all time scales, and climatologists are working hard to determine just how much change to expect within our lifetimes, and our children’s lifetimes. Climate variation is driven by external forces (for example, the amount of energy emitted by the sun and gradual changes in the earth’s orbit); internal feedbacks between the atmosphere, oceans, biosphere, and ice sheets; and, more recently, human impacts upon the global energy, carbon, and water cycles. Paleoclimatologists contribute to global change research by studying the climate system prior to significant human influence, in order to understand 1) natural trends and levels of variability, 2) the critical governing mechanisms, and 3) impacts and feedbacks with other physical and biological components of the earth system.
This class focuses upon climatic changes during the Quaternary Period, which encompasses the last 1.6 million years, includes the rise of human civilizations, and extends to our present. Climatically, the defining characteristics of the Quaternary are 1) regular cycles between glacial and interglacial periods and 2) abrupt shifts in the climate system. The field is changing rapidly and new discoveries appear every week. The goals for this class are fourfold: 1) Historical: Review the major climatic events
and trends during the Quaternary, spanning timescales from the last 1,000,000
years to the last 1,000 years.
2) Process: Understand the physical processes
controlling the behavior of the earth system and its components (atmosphere,
oceans, cryosphere, biosphere, etc.). Understand also how climatic variability
results from a combination of external forcings and internal dynamics within
the earth system.
3) Methodological: Learn
how paleoclimatologists collect, date, and analyze a staggering variety of
paleoclimatic records, including ocean and lake sediment cores, ice cores,
tree rings, corals, and speleothems.
4) Communication: Continue
to develop skills in thinking and writing clearly, with particular attention
paid to learning how to critically read the scientific literature.
Check back later for links.